Listn vo de Kalifn
I dera Listn vo d Kalifn, san de gwenganen Kalifn zammtrong. "Kalif" is da Titl von n owastn religjesn oda politischn Vejch von an Islamischn Stoot oda Kalifat, un aa da Titl vo Heascha vo da Islamischn Ummah as wej politische Noufolga von n Muhammad.
Hintagrund
[Werkeln | Am Gwëntext werkeln]Nou an Toud von n Profetn Mohammad in Joua 632, hod s zeaschtamol krislt, wal da Mohammad ned an iwaroll onakontn Nouchfolga zrugg gloua houd. Dej Ansar (as Medina/Yaṯrib) hom si zammgfunna un unta sih an Noufolga asgmocht. Da Abu Bakr, da wou a bakonta Spezi von n Mohammad gweng is, hod afbrachd, dass d Wahl vo oinn vo assahalb vo de Qureysh, en Stamm von n Mohammad, zou an Dissens i da Gmoi fejarad, un aso an Umar un an Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah fia d Wahl viagschlong. A weitana Viaschloḡ is gweng, dass dej Quraysh u dej Ansar ajeda an Kandidatn wähladn, dej wou nou gmoasam heaschn. Af zletzt houd da Umar en Abu Bakr Gflugschaft gschwoan. Ondane san gfulgt hom an Abu Bakr fast asnamslous as an Ejaschtn Kalifn von n Islam õgnumma.
Da Abu Bakr u dej drei dref fulngatn Kalifn wean ba d Sunnitn als dej Gscheidn Kalifn, af deitsch songs aa de Rechtgleitetetn, õgseng. Da Abu Bakr hod, nu vuar a gstuam is, an Umar als san Noufulga bstimmd. Dan Umar, also en zwoatn Kalifn, homs daschossn oda assassiniad, un an Schulding in an Persa mid dan Nama Piruz Nahavandi gfundn. Da Noufulga, da Osman, is gwählt woan von an Rout vo Stimmvejcha... oda Wahlmanna oda so. Da Osman is affa owa vonra unzfrinan Seitn hamdraht woan. Nou hod da Ali es Heft id Hent gnumma, houd owa a Akzeptanzproblem ba de von n Muawiyah õgfejadn Guverner vo Egyptn ghobt, zmol dea, nu offana a Rechning zwengs den Muad om n Osman ghobt houd. Des hod nou zou an Gfetz (also da Fitna), dan ejaschtn Islamischn Biagakreiḡ gfejad ghobt. Da Ali is sched von n Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam, an Kharidschitn, also von a drittn Partei, nou hamdraht woan, u da Suhn vo ejm, da Hasan, is lejwa zrugg tretn fia en Muawiyah, da wou s Kalifat zou ana normoln erblichn Amt gmachd u doudamid d Umayyadischa Dynastie grindt houd.
Ekumenische Kalifatna
[Werkeln | Am Gwëntext werkeln]Es Kalifat vo de Rāschidūn (8 June 632 – 29 January 661)
[Werkeln | Am Gwëntext werkeln]# | Kalligrafi/Minzn | Nama (u Titl) | Born | Hod gheascht vo | Hod gheascht bis | gstuam | Vaheltnis zen Mohammad | Eltan | Haus | Notizn |
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1 | Abū Bakr (أبو بكر) Aṣ-Ṣiddīq |
573 | 8 June 632 (03-13-11 AH) | 22 August 634 |
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Banu Taim |
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2 | ʿUmar ibn al-Khattab (عمر بن الخطاب) Al-Farooq |
584 | 23 August 634 (06-22-13 AH) | 3 Novemma 644 (umbracht) |
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Banu Adi |
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3 | 'Uthman ibn 'Affan (عثمان بن عفان) Dhun Nurayn |
579 | 11 November 644 (01-05-24 AH) | 20 June 656 (umbracht nourana Belagerung vo san Haus) |
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Banu Ummaya | |||
4 | 'Ali ibn Abi Talib (علي بن أبي طالب) Amir al-Mu'minin Haydar Abu Turab Al-Murtaza |
15 September 601 | 20 June 656 (12-21-35 AH) | 29 Jenna 661 (umbracht ban betn i da Moschee vo Kufa) |
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Banu Hashim |
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En Hasan ibn Ali sa Kalifat (661)
# | Kalligrafi | Nama (u Titl) | Born | Hod gheascht vo | Hod gheascht bis | Toud | Vaheltnis zou en Mohammad (oda an vuring Kalifn) | Eltan | Haus | Notiz |
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5 | Ḥasan ibn ʿAli (الحسن بن علي) Ahl al-Bayt Al-Mujtaba[1] |
624 | 661 (sechs oda sim Mounad) | 670 |
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Banu Hashim |
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Es umayyadischa Kalifat (661 – 6 August 750)
[Werkeln | Am Gwëntext werkeln]# | Minzn/Portrait | Nama (u Titl) | Born | Hod gheascht vo | Hod gheascht bis | gstuam | Vaheltnis zenMuhammad (oda an vuring Kalifn) | Eltan | Notizn |
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6 | Mu'awiyah I (معاوية) |
602 | 661 | 29 April or 1 May 680 |
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7 | Yazid I (يزيد) |
647 | 680 | 11 Novemma 683 |
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8 | Mu'awiyah II (معاوية الثاني) |
664 | Novemma 683 | 684 |
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9 | Marwan I (مروان بن الحکم) |
623–626 | 684 | 7 Mai 685 |
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10 | 'Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (عبد الملك بن مروان) |
646 | 685 | 8 Oktowa 705 |
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11 | Al-Walid I (الوليد الأول) |
668 | Oktowa 705 | 23 Feba 715 |
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12 | Sulayman ibn 'Abd al-Malik (سلیمان بن عبدالملک) |
674 | Feba 715 | 22 Septemma 717 |
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13 | 'Umar ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz (عمر بن عبد العزيز) |
2 Novemma 682 | Septemma 717 | Feba 720 |
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14 | Yazid II (يزيد الثاني) |
687 | 10 Feba 720 | 26 Jenna 724 |
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15 | Hisham ibn 'Abd al-Malik (هشام بن عبد الملك) |
691 | 26 Jenna 724 | 6 Feba 743 |
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16 | Al-Walid II (الوليد الثاني) |
709 | 6 Feba 743 | 17 April 744 (umbracht) |
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17 | Yazid III (يزيد الثالث) |
701 | 17 April 744 | 3/4 Oktowa 744 |
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18 | Ibrahim ibn al-Walid (ابراهيم ابن الوليد) |
744 (a poa Wochn) | 25 January 750 (higrichtet) |
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19 | Marwan II (مروان بن محمد) |
691 | 744 | 6 August 750 (umbracht) |
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Es abbasidischa Kalifat (25. Jenna 750 – 20. Feba 1258)
[Werkeln | Am Gwëntext werkeln]# | Bild/Minzn | Herschanama | persenlicha Nama | Born | Hod gherscht vo | Hod gherscht bis | gstuam | Eltan | Notiz |
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20 | As-Sāffaḥ | 'Abdallah Abul-'Abbās | 721 | 750 | 10 Juni 754 |
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21 | Al-Mansur | Abu Ja'far 'Abdallah | 714 | 10 Juni 754 | 775 |
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22 | Al-Mahdi | Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad | 744/745 | 775 | 4 August 785 |
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23 | Al-Hadi | Abu Muhammad Musa | 764 | August 785 | 14 Septemma 786 |
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24 | Al-Rashid | Harun | 763/766 | 14 Septemba 786 | 24 Miarz 809 |
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25 | Al-Amin | Muhammad | 787 | Miarz 809 | 24/25 Septemba 813 |
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26 | Al-Ma'mun | Abu Jaʿfar 'Abdallah | 13/14 Septemma 786 | Septemma 813 | 9 August 833 |
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27 | Al-Mu'tasim | Abū Ishaq Muhammad | Oktowa 796 | 9 August 833 | 5 Jenna 842 |
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28 | Al-Wathiq | Abu Ja'far Harun | 811–813 | 5 Jenna 842 | 10 August 847 |
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29 | Al-Mutawakkil | Ja'far | Feba/Miarz 822 | 10 August 847 | 11 Dezemma 861 (umbracht) |
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30 | Al-Muntasir | Abu Ja'far Muhammad | Novemma 837 | 861 | 7 or 8 Juni 862 |
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31 | Al-Musta'in | Ahmad | 836 | 862 | 866 (higrichtet) |
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32 | Al-Mu'tazz | – | 847 | 866 | 869 |
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33 | Al-Muhtadi | Abū Isḥāq Muḥammad | 869 | 21 Juni 870 |
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34 | Al-Mu'tamid | Abu’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad | 842 | 21 Juni 870 | 15 Oktowa 892 |
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35 | Al-Mu'tadid | Abu'l-'Abbas Ahmad | 854/861 | Oktowa 892 | 5 April 902 |
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36 | Al-Muktafi | Abu Ahmad ʿAlî | 877/878 | 5 April 902 | 13 August 908 |
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37 | Al-Muqtadir | Abu al-Fadl Ja'far | 895 | 13 August 908 | 929 | 31 Oktowa 932 (umbracht) |
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38 | Al-Qahir | Abu Mansur Muhammad | 899 | 929 | 950 |
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(37) | Al-Muqtadir | Abu al-Fadl Ja'far | 895 | 929 | 31 Oktowa 932 (umbracht) |
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(38) | Al-Qahir | Abu Mansur Muhammad | 899 | 31 Oktowa 932 | 934 | 950 |
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39 | Ar-Radi | Abu al-'Abbas Muhammad | Dezemma 909 | 934 | 23 Dezemma 940 |
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40 | Al-Muttaqi | Abu Ishaq Ibrahim | 908 | 940 | 944 | Juli 968 |
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41 | Al-Mustakfi | 'Abdallah | 905 | Septemma 944 | Jenna 946 | Septemma/Oktowa 949 |
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42 | Al-Muti | Abu al-Qasim al-Faḍl | 914 | Jenna 946 | 974 |
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43 | At-Ta'i | – | 932 | 974 | 991 | 3 August 1003 |
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44 | Al-Qadir | – | 947 | 1 Novemma 991 | 29 Novemma 1031 |
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Enkl von n Kalifn Al-Muqtadir | ||
45 | Al-Qa'im | – | 1001 | 29 Novemma 1031 | 2 April 1075 |
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46 | Al-Muqtadi | – | 1056 | 2 April 1075 | Feba 1094 |
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47 | Al-Mustazhir | – | April/Mai 1078 | Feba 1094 | 6 August 1118 |
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48 | Al-Mustarshid | – | April/Mai 1092 | 6 August 1118 | 29 August 1135 |
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49 | Ar-Rashid | – | 1109 | 29 August 1135 | 1136 | 6 Juni 1138 (vo de Assassinen umbracht) |
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50 | Al-Muqtafi | – | 9 Miarz 1096 | 1136 | 12 Miarz 1160 |
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51 | Al-Mustanjid | – | 1124 | 12 Miarz 1160 | 20 Dezemma 1170 |
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52 | Al-Mustadi | Hassan | 1142 | 20 Dezemma1170 | 30 Miarz 1180 |
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53 | An-Nasir | – | 6 August 1158 | 2 Miarz 1180 | 4 Oktowa 1225 |
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54 | Az-Zahir | – | 1176 | 5 Oktowa 1225 | 11 Juli 1226 |
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55 | Al-Mustansir | Abû Ja`far | 17 Feba 1192 | 11 Juli 1226 | 2 Dezemma 1242 |
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56 | Al-Musta'sim | – | 1213 | 2. Dezemma1242 | 20. Feba 1258 |
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Interregnum |
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I da spejtan abbasidischn Zeit hom d Heaschha õgfangt andane Titl zn nutzn, wej bspw. Sultan.
D Mamlukisch-Abbasidische Dynasty (1261 – 1517)
[Werkeln | Am Gwëntext werkeln]D Kalifn vo Kairo (13 Juni 1261 – 22 Jenna 1517)
[Werkeln | Am Gwëntext werkeln]Dej Kairoa Abbasidn san mejara zeremonielle Kalifn unta n Schutz vo da mamlukischn Sultanat gweng, dej wou s sida vo da Machtiwanam vo da ayyubidsichn Dynasty gem houd.[6][7]
# | Heaschanama | persenlicha Nama | Heaschaft | Eltan | Notiz |
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57 | Al-Mustansir | Abu al-Qasim Ahmad | 13 Juni 1261 – 28 Nuvemma 1261 |
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58 | Al-Hakim I | Abu 'Abdullah Muhammad | 16. Nuvemma 1262 – 19. Jenna 1302 |
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59 | Al-Mustakfi I | Abu ar-Rabi' Sulaiman | 20 Jenna 1302 – Feba 1340 |
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60 | Al-Wathiq I | Abu Ishaq Ibrahim | Feba 1340 – 17 Juni 1341 |
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61 | Al-Hakim II | Abu al-'Abbas Ahmad | 1341 – 1352 |
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62 | Al-Mu'tadid I | Abu Bakr | 1352 – 1362 |
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63 | Al-Mutawakkil I | Abu 'Abdillah Muhammad | 1362 – 1377 |
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64 | Al-Mus'tasim | Abu Yahya Zakariya | 1377 |
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(63) | Al-Mutawakkil I | Abu 'Abdillah Muhammad | 1377 – 1383 |
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65 | Al-Wathiq II | 'Umar | Septemma 1383 – 13 Nuvemma 1386 |
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(64) | Al-Mus'tasim | Abu Yahya Zakariya | 1386 – 1389 |
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(63) | Al-Mutawakkil I | Abu 'Abdillah Muhammad | 1389 – 9 Jenna 1406 |
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66 | Al-Musta'in | Abu al-Fadl al-'Abbas | 22 Jenna 1406 – 9 Miarz 1414 |
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67 | Al-Mu'tadid II | Abu al-Fath Dawud | 1414 – 1441 |
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68 | Al-Mustakfi II | Abu ar-Rabi' Sulayman | 1441 – 29 Jenna 1451 |
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69 | Al-Qa'im | Abu Al-Baqa Hamzah | 1451 – 1455 |
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70 | Al-Mustanjid | Abu al-Mahasin Yusuf | 1455 – 7 April 1479 |
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71 | Al-Mutawakkil II | Abu al-'Izz 'Abdul 'Aziz | 5 April 1479 – 27 Septemma 1497 |
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72 | Al-Mustamsik | Abu as-Sabr | 1497 – 1508 |
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73 | Al-Mutawakkil III | Muhammad | 1508 – 1516 |
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(72) | Al-Mustamsik | Abu as-Sabr | 1516 – 1517 |
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(73) | Al-Mutawakkil III | Muhammad | 1517 |
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Es osmanischa Kalifat (1517 – 3. Miarz 1924)
[Werkeln | Am Gwëntext werkeln]Es Owahapt vo da osmanischn Dynasti is nea Sultan also HEascha gweng, houd owa schnell õgfangt Titl vo de iwawundanan Genga zen iwanemma.[8][9] Da Murad I (gherscht vo 1362–1389) is da ejascht osmanische Desbrauchianu fia n Kalifntitl; u houd n Titl gfoadat, wej ar d Stod Edirna, resp. Hadrianopolis, eignumma ghobt houd.[10]
# | Portrait | Tughra | Nama | Heaschaft | Eltan | Notiz |
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74 | Selim I | 1517 – 21 Septemma 1520 |
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75 | Suleiman I | 30 Septemma 1520 – 6 or 7 September 1566 |
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76 | Selim II | 29 Septemma 1566 – 21 Dezemma 1574 |
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77 | Murad III | 22 Dezemma 1574 – 16 Jenna 1595 |
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78 | Mehmed III | 27 Jenna 1595 – 20 oda 21 Dezemma 1603 |
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79 | Ahmed I | 21 Dezemma 1603 – 22 Nuvemma 1617 |
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80 | Mustafa I | 22 Nuvemma 1617 – 26 Feba 1618 |
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81 | Osman II | 26 Feba 1618 – 19 Mai 1622 |
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(80) | Mustafa I | 20 Mai 1622 – 10 Septemma 1623 |
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82 | Murad IV | 10 Septemma 1623 – 8 or 9 Feba 1640 |
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83 | Ibrahim | 9 Feba 1640 – 8 August 1648 |
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84 | Mehmed IV | 8 August 1648 – 8 Nuvemma 1687 |
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85 | Suleiman II | 8 Nuvemma 1687 – 22 June 1691 |
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86 | Ahmed II | 22 June 1691 – 6 Feba 1695 |
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87 | Mustafa II | 6 Feba 1695 – 22 August 1703 |
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88 | Ahmed III | 22 August 1703 – 1 or 2 Ottowa 1730 |
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89 | Mahmud I | 2 Oktowa 1730 – 13 Dezemma 1754 |
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90 | Osman III | 13 Dezemma 1754 – 29 or 30 Oktowa 1757 |
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91 | Mustafa III | 30 Oktowa 1757 – 21 Jenna 1774 |
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92 | Abdul Hamid I | 21 Jenna 1774 – 6 oda 7 April 1789 |
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93 | Selim III | 7 April 1789 – 29 Mai 1807 |
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94 | Mustafa IV | 29 Mai 1807 – 28 Jule 1808 |
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95 | Mahmud II | 28. Juli 1808 – 1. Juli 1839 |
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96 | Abdulmejid I | 1 Juli 1839 – 25 June 1861 |
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97 | Abdulaziz | 25 June 1861 – 30 Mai 1876 |
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98 | Murad V | 30 Mai 1876 – 31 August 1876 |
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99 | Abdul Hamid II | 31 August 1876 – 27 April 1909 |
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100 | Mehmed V | 27 April 1909 – 3 Juli 1918 |
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101 | Mehmed VI | 4 Juli 1918 – 1 Nuvemma 1922 |
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102 | — [c] |
Abdulmejid II | 18. Nuvemma 1922 – 3. Miarz 1924 |
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Es Amt von n Osmanischn Kalifat is af d Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi (d Groussa Tiakaiada Vulksvasammling) oda TBMM iwatrong woan, es wou des Amt en 3. Miarz 1924 afglejst houd, in Nougrenn mid da säkularn Politik, dej wou i de frejn Jouana vo da Tiakischn Republik von n selmoling Presidennt Mustafa Kemal Atatürk adoptiad woan is.
Nou en Weggahaun von n Kalifat, hod dej TBMM es Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı (Religionszeigpresidium) als wej a neia hejchsta Islamischa Religionsautoritet gschaffn.
Ned-Ekumenische Kalifatna
[Werkeln | Am Gwëntext werkeln]Kalifatna d wou vil Muslim ned als legitim seng
An Ibn al-Zubayr sa Kalifat (684–692)
[Werkeln | Am Gwëntext werkeln]Da Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, a Neffa vo da Aisha, da drittn Frau von n Muhammad, houd 648 a Rewellion geḡa s Umayyadischa Kalifat gmacht. Ar is z Mecca zen Kalifn proklaimad woan, is owa nou untaleng u 692 umbracht woan, nou sechs Mounad Siège oda Belagerung duach n Generol Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf.[42]
# | Kalligraphi | Nama (u Titl) | born | hod gherscht vo | hod gherscht bis | gstuam | Eltan | Haus | Notiz |
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1 | Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr | Mai, 624 AD | Nuvemma 683 AD | Nuvemma 692 AD | Nuvemma 692 AD | *al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam *Asma bint Abi Bakr, | Banu Asad | Enkl von n ejaschtn Kalifn Abu Bakar as-Siddiq |
Es Ummayadischa Kalifat vo Córdoba (929–1031)
[Werkeln | Am Gwëntext werkeln](Hod se ned universell duachgsetzt; d Macht is af Spania u Toall von n Maghreb bschrenkt gweng).[43][44]
Nama | Heaschaft | Eltan | Notiz |
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Abd-ar-Rahman III | 929–961 |
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Al-Hakam II | 961–976 |
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Hisham II al-Hakam | 976–1009 |
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Muhammad II | 1009 |
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Sulayman ibn al-Hakam | 1009–1010 |
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Hisham II al-Hakam | 1010–1013 |
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Sulayman ibn al-Hakam | 1013–1016 |
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Abd ar-Rahman IV | 1021–1022 |
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Abd ar-Rahman V | 1022–1023 |
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Muhammad III | 1023–1024 |
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Hisham III | 1027–1031 |
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Es Fatimidischa Kalifat (909–1171)
[Werkeln | Am Gwëntext werkeln](Dej Fatimidn san d Dynasti vo d Isma'ilische Shi'itn , d wou se i da Noukummaschaft von n Mohammad sana Tochta Fatma seng u fia d Sunnitn Häretika gweng san. Irna Anspruch af s Kalifat is vo da Muslimischn Ummah ned wej wos legitims õgseng woan, zmol ko giltga Baweis existirad, dass a wirkle Nouhkumma vo da Fatma san).[45][46]
Nama | Heaschaft | Eltan | Notiz |
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Al-Mahdi Billah | 909–934 |
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Al-Qa'im Bi-Amrillah | 934–946 |
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Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah | 946–953 |
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Al-Muizz Lideenillah | 953–975 |
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Egyptn wiad daobad unt ejm u d Stod Cairo wiad grindt un als neia Sitz vo da Dynasti gnumma. |
Al-Aziz Billah | 975–996 |
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Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah | 996–1021 |
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Ali az-Zahir | 1021–1036 |
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Al-Mustansir Billah | 1036–1094 |
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Al-Musta'li | 1094–1101 |
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Streitt iwa d Nouhfulg, wos zen Nizari–Musta'li Schismus gfejad houd |
Al-Amir | 1101–1130 |
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Al-Hafiz | 1130–1149 |
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Hafizi–Tayyibi Schismus in musta'litisch Isma'ilismus |
Al-Zafir | 1149–1154 |
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Al-Faiz | 1154–1160 |
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Al-Azid | 1160–1171 |
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da Saladin macht a End mid n Fatimidischn Kalifat |
Es Almohadische Kalifat (1145–1269)
[Werkeln | Am Gwëntext werkeln](Ned grouss akzeptiad, d Heaschaft hod e af Noadafrika u d Iberische Halbinsl bschrenkt)[47][48]
Name | Reign | Notes |
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Abd al-Mu'min | 1145–1163 | |
Abu Yaqub Yusuf I | 1163–1184 | |
Yaqub al-Mansur | 1184–1199 | |
Muhammad an-Nasir | 1199–1213 | |
Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II | 1213–1224 | |
Abd al-Wahid I | 1224 | |
Abdallah al-Adil | 1224–1227 | |
Yahya | 1227–1235 | |
Idris I | 1227–1232 | |
Abdul-Wahid II | 1232–1242 | |
Ali | 1242–1248 | |
Umar | 1248–1266 | |
Idris II | 1266–1269 |
D indischn Kalifatna
[Werkeln | Am Gwëntext werkeln]Dasida von n 12. Jh. san zant da Sidasiatischn Vuaheaschaft vo vaschinan islamischn Reichn islamischa Kalifatna am indischn Subkontinent ned etabliad woan. Unta de sharia-gsetzlichn Reḡirunga vo d sunnitischn Heaschha, wej an Alauddin Khalji, an Aurangzeb von Mogulreich un an Herschan Hyder Ali u Tipu Sultan vo Mysore zoing se trennte Furma vo Kalifatn, d wou an Eindruck af n Franzejsisch-Italjenischn Koasa Napoleon Bonapart un af d Soldatn von Britischn Empaja gmacht hom.[49][50][51][52]
Es Sokoto Kalifat (1804–1903)
[Werkeln | Am Gwëntext werkeln](Ned weit akzeptiad, d Heaschaft hod se af Regiona z Westafrika bschrenkt)
Grindt duach an schriftglehrtn islamischn Sufi u religjesn Fejara Usman dan Fodio duach en Fulani Krejḡ, da wou vasoucht houd d vuaislamischn Eifliss u Praktikn zruck zen drenga un duach a Kalifat a mejara islamischa Lemsweis zen vabroitn.
Es Bornu un es Songhai Reich
[Werkeln | Am Gwëntext werkeln]The Bornu Empire at its greatest extent (c. 1750)
Mehrane Heaschha z Westafrika hom den Titl Kalif õgnumma, doudrunta da Mai Ali Ghaji ibn Dunama von Bornu-Reich un umma d gleicha Zeit aa da Askia Mohammad I (1443 – 1538) von n Songhai-Reich.[53]
Ned-Ekumenische Kalifatna nou 1900
[Werkeln | Am Gwëntext werkeln]Seit da Aflejsing von n Osmanischn Reich, hod s koa "ekumenischs" Kalifat nimma gem.
Es Sharifa Kalifat (1924–1925)
[Werkeln | Am Gwëntext werkeln]An letztn Vasouch es klaifala Amt mid ekumenischa Onakenning zruck zen brenga hod s von n Hussein bin Ali gem, da wou da Kine von n Hejaz un da Sharif vo Mecca gweng; dej dej Emta von n 11. Miarz bis zen 3. Oktowa 1924 ghaltn houd, wou as af san Suhn `Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Hashimi iwatrong houd, da wou owa as Kalifatsamt ned õgnumma houd.[54] An Hussein sa Kalifat is ned akzepiad woan u in 1925 is ar asn Hejaz duach Truppn von Ibn Saud u wuhl zwengs sana zgringn Untastizung vo da Shari'ah assaghaut woan. Ar hod den Titl weita in Exil bis ze san Toud 1931 gnutzd. Wej d fatimidischn Kalifn, is ar a Nouhkumma von n Mohammad iwa n Enkl von n Hasan ibn Ali gweng.
Unpolitisch
[Werkeln | Am Gwëntext werkeln]Es Ahmadiyya-Kalifat (1908–present)
[Werkeln | Am Gwëntext werkeln]Da Khalīfatul Masīh (arabisch خليفة المسيح), bisweiln oifach Khalifah, is da gwählte spirituelle un organisazionella Fejara vo da weltweitn Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat u san Noufulga da Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, da woun dej Titl Mahdi u Messias von n Islam õgnumma houd.[55] An Kalifn schreibt ma zou, dass a vo Gott gfejad wiad, un ar wiad vo da Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat aa Amir al-Mu'minin gnennt.
Nou an Toud von n Ghulam Ahmad, hod da Noufulga dej Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat vo Qadian z British India as gfejad ghobt, wos da Haptsitz vo da Gmoind bis za Unobhengikait vo Pakistan 1947 gweng is. Dasida is da Haptsitz nou Rabwah, a Stod af n Land, es wou d Gmoind 1948 vo Pakistan kafft houd. 1984 is d Ordinanz XX vo da Reḡiring vo Pakistan assagem woan, dej wou des Ahmadiyya Kalifat handlungsunfejk gmacht u d ganz Instituzion i Gfoa bracht houd. Zwengs den is da Khalifatul Masih IV is Exil af Londn z England, wou seit dera Zeit da provisorisch Haptsitz is.[56]
Schau aa
[Werkeln | Am Gwëntext werkeln]- Schia
- Sunna (Islam)
- Sharifat vo Mekka
Notizn
[Werkeln | Am Gwëntext werkeln]Beleg
[Werkeln | Am Gwëntext werkeln]- ↑ "Imam Hassan as", Duas.org.
- ↑ Al-Mudaffar, Sheikh Muhammad Al-Hussein: Imam Jafar Sadiq, S. 291.
- ↑ ibn Maja (1368). al-Sunan, II.
- ↑ Lane-Poole 2004, S. 12–13.
- ↑ Bosworth 2004, S. 6–7.
- ↑ Bosworth 2004, S. 7.
- ↑ Houtsma & Wensinck 1993, S. 3
- ↑ Lane-Poole 2004, S. 195.
- ↑ Bosworth 2004, pp. 239–240
- ↑ Lambton, Ann u Bernard Lewis (1995): The Cambridge History of Islam: The Indian sub-continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim west 2, Cambridge University Press, S. 320.
- ↑ Yavuz Sultan Selim Han. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
- ↑ Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Han. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
- ↑ Sultan II. Selim Han. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
- ↑ Sultan III. Murad Han. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
- ↑ Sultan III. Mehmed Han. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
- ↑ Sultan I. Ahmed. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
- ↑ 17,0 17,1 Sultan I. Mustafa. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
- ↑ Sultan II. Osman Han. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
- ↑ Sultan IV. Murad Han. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
- ↑ Sultan İbrahim Han. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
- ↑ Sultan IV. Mehmed. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
- ↑ Sultan II. Süleyman Han. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
- ↑ Sultan II. Ahmed Han. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
- ↑ Sultan II. Mustafa Han. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
- ↑ Sultan III. Ahmed Han. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
- ↑ Sultan I. Mahmud Han. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
- ↑ Sultan III. Osman Han. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
- ↑ Sultan III. Mustafa Han. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
- ↑ Sultan I. Abdülhamit Han. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
- ↑ Sultan III. Selim Han. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
- ↑ Sultan IV. Mustafa Han. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
- ↑ Sultan II. Mahmud Han. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
- ↑ Sultan Abdülmecid Han. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
- ↑ Sultan Abdülaziz Han. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
- ↑ Sultan V. Murad Han. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
- ↑ Sultan II. Abdülhamid Han. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
- ↑ Sultan V. Mehmed Reşad Han. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
- ↑ Sultan VI. Mehmed Vahdettin Han. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
- ↑ As̜iroğlu 1992, p. 13
- ↑ As̜iroğlu 1992, p. 17
- ↑ As̜iroğlu 1992, p. 14
- ↑ Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O, assagem von n Tony Jacques.
- ↑ Lane-Poole 2004, S. 21.
- ↑ Bosworth 2004, S. 11.
- ↑ Lane-Poole 2004, S. 71.
- ↑ Bosworth 2004, S. 63
- ↑ Lane-Poole 2004, S. 47.
- ↑ Bosworth 2004, S. 39
- ↑ Jackson, Roy: Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State, Routledge (2010).
- ↑ Shah Muhammad Waseem (2003): هندوستان ميں فارسى تاريخ نگارى: ٧١ويں صدى كے آخرى نصف سے ٨١ويں صدى كے پهلے نصف تک فارسى تاريخ نگارى كا ارتقاء, Kanishka Publishing, original source from the University of Michigan, ISBN 9788173915376.
- ↑ Hussein, S M: Structure of Politics Under Aurangzeb 1658-1707, Kanishka Publishers Distributors (2002), ISBN 978-8173914898.
- ↑ Banarsi Prasad Saksena (1992) [1970]: "The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji", in: Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (Ed.): A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526), 5 (zwoate Afl.). The Indian History Congress/People's Publishing House, OCLC 31870180.
- ↑ Nehemia Levtzion; Randall Pouwels: The History of Islam in Africa, Ohio University Press, S. 81.
- ↑ Bosworth 2004, S. 118
- ↑ Mirza Ghulam Ahmad iis da gRinda vo da Ahmadiyya. D sunnitischa Haptrichting loana de messinaische Gruppn o, wal s on a Profetntum nou an Mohammad glam. "Ahmadis - Oxford Islamic Studies Online" (Memento des Originals [1] vom 23. Juli 2010 im Internet Archive) Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis. , afgrouffn 2018-09-03; The Ahmadiyyah Movement - Islamic Studies - Oxford Bibliographies - obo", afgrouffn 2018-09-03; "Ghulam Ahmad, Mirza - Oxford Islamic Studies Online", afgrouffn 2018-09-08.
- ↑ Khilafat - Caliphate - The Guided Khilafat - Khilafat e Ahmadiyya - Al Islam Online.